Aspect #3 Brigid as the Goddess of the Forge: of the forge, Brigids connection to smithing and building is predominant. Ive got crystal goddesses from The Crystal Buddha,. You could keep the associated goddess crystal with them. Its speculated that Darlughdacha was the historical figure associated with the Goddess Brigid and that Brigid was actually a title (meaning Exalted One), rather than the actual name of the Goddess. Brigid was seen as a powerful Queen, and belonged to the ancient Celtic tribe of Gods (the Tuatha De Danann) and in the Lebor Gabla renn, she was identified as the daughter of Dagda (the great Father God of the Celts, known as the Chief of the Gods). Heres some of the Imbolc herbs, both traditional and modern, for you to use in your gatherings, rituals and sabbat spells. Herbs Associated with Brigid The event of her birth was said to be so bright that the family household looked as if it were on fire. Dedicate your efforts to Brigid and ask her for help as you improve. One final Imbolc tradition to honor Goddess Brigid is to leave a loaf of bread, a pitcher of milk, and a candle out for her on this day. According to the ancient Irish text, Giraldus Cambrensis, there were traditionally 19 priestesses who would tend the sacred flame, one per day for 19 days, by feeding it the sacred wood of the Hawthorn tree. Join me for this FREE mini class, where I'll show you step-by-step techniques for using just a handful of stones to bring yourself back into balance by realigning your chakra centers (plus VIP updates, special offers & insider crystal tips). You may also dream of her, or of performing one of her skills. Early spring flowers, like snowdrops or crocuses. its really amazing & takes very little if any imagination at all once you find her, she can be fickle about who sees her or just likes to play games in the sphere. She is also connected to prosperity and domesticated animals, since she owned two oxen named Femen and Fea, the King of Boars Torc Triath, and the King of Sheep, Cirb. Her two sisters were also called Brighid, and were associated with healing and crafts. I love Peridot as a Goddess stone. Hi Ethan! I usually prefer the rich dark grape juice / grape jelly shade of amethyst because of how potent and powerful it feels. Your information will *never* be shared or sold to a 3rd party. Most folks know it for its psychic and intuitive properties, but it's also helpful with clearing energy, connection with the gods, self reflection and shadow work. Do You NEED To Feel The Energy Of Crystals? The reason they are listed twice is they are closest to the Sun and their orbit brings them by the Earth more frequently. Each one has properties to help and provide support for the work to be done to lay plans for the lighter days ahead. She was sometimes shown with a mirror indicating that loving yourself makes you more attractive. These are put around the home for blessing and protection. No pain happened, no bones got broken. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. These half-trained, very excitable yearlings *leaped over my prone body* like they were at the Horse of the Year Show and I was another jump in the showjumping class! Brigid's perfumes and scents are: heather, wisteria, violet, lavender, lemon verbena, and heliotrope. Find out more about the CCH and Advanced Crystal Practitioner Program HERE! there seems to be hundreds of flood myths around the world at different times too but then i suspect that the history we get today may be a part of the control. Additionally, Brigids connection to cattle and livestock (and her protection of domesticated animals) comes from the. In Avebury, Brigid devotees climb. On the 20th night, Saint Brigid tended it herself. At a time when we likely need it most during the cold and flu season. The three Brighids were typically treated as . Adding to a spell bag and placing under the pillow on Brigids Day will bring sweet, soothing sleep and dreams of new opportunities. Harness the magic of these goddess crystals for some of the top goddesses, including Isis, Brigid, Artemis, Kuan Yin, Venus and Kali. Of these crystals with the goddesses. Its through this aspect that we also see Brigids relationship to scholarship and learning (especially poetry and history), as well as her ties to vision. Im working with my own intuitive insights, the properties of the crystals and my research into these goddesses. As well as the Celtic sabbat Imbolc, also called Brigids Day. I work with the Greek goddess Hekate do you know a crystal to work with her energy? And start your crystal training now with our FREE Crystal Healing Sample Class! This Irish Triple Goddess may be calling to you from the sacred flame and healing springs. The Stiories are incrediblely wonderful Thx Ethan for all your knowledge and sharing and interpretation of crystals.. cant wait for that card deck. Red clover, also called trefoil and three-leaves grass, has a long history of lore in Ireland. Brigid is associated with sacred wells and sites. Some Imbolc crystals include; 1. Theres an ancient Oak tree near Brigids well in Kildare that was revered by the Druids. Its here at her well in Kildare that Brigid was said to have agreed to heal two lepers. I mainly work with Isis but also Hecate. This helps support me as an independent author and keeps this site running. She magically brought Osiris back to life. @Kelly, I love all Amethyst, but I personally prefer the energies of the lilac/lavender type. Also, with Athena being the Goddess of both War and Wisdom (a somewhat strange pairing if you ask me), perhaps Carnelian (which is ruled by Mars) and Amethyst (higher knowledge/wisdom/enlightenment)? Brigid wept and keened on the battlefield, which created the Irish tradition of keening for the dead. Brigid was often associated with the sun and the flame, which is why Imbolc would often involve lighting candles and bonfires. You see, the goddess Brigid is often referred to as Bride in Scotland and Ireland. You're one step closer to transforming your life with the power of healing crystals! Brigid is linked to fire and fire is linked to the sun. , how to care for cattle and livestock, and how to forge iron and smith tools. She is often honored during Spring celebrations. Its said that this serpent emerges from the mound early in the morning each Imbolc in honor of the goddess. Lace agate is helpful in Imbolc spells for purification, peace, communication and new opportunities. The Goddess Brigid is also said to be the Irish equivalent to the Greek Goddess Athena.. She is the goddess of all things that come in threes. Its this aspect that is responsible for Goddess Brigids connection to the strength and protection of warriors. She is the Irish Goddess of fertility and spring.She has associations with poetry, the arts, and divination. Hematite. In pre-Christian times, these wells were often decorated with flowers and greenery. They could do. Green stones, like moss agate or aventurine. even christianity seems to follow ancient sumerian fairly closely. Blue lace agate is a beautiful light blue, one of the Imbolc colors, and helpful in refreshing ones spirit. Its origins are connected to the lambing season or calving period when animals would begin giving milk, and the beginning of spring sowing of the ancient Celts. By placing in the home or on your altar, you bring loving, peaceful angelic energy into your space. <3 Crystal Blessings, Your email address will not be published. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Disclosure: The link here is an affiliate link, meaning I may earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. Burning lavender is purifying and also brings joy, stress relief, and beauty. i too feel religion is about control. @angela, Hildegard von Bingen was a Saint; this article is about Goddesses. Why Wont My Stones Work Anymore? In others, shes a triplet theres Brigid the poetess, Brigid the healer, and Brigid the smith. The light from her flame warms hearth and home (Fire of the Hearth), heats the forge (Fire of the Forge), and sparks inspiration in poets (Fire of Inspiration) this flame is representative of all 3 of her triple goddess aspects. Read our Privacy Policy. There are a number of other occasions when either Ive helped horses, or theyve mysteriously cooperated, helped or just understood me; if I tried to relate them all Id probably crash Ethans blog! Brigid's Crystals: Carnelian Citrine Fire Agate Garnet Pyrite Ruby Brigid's Symbols: Acorn Anvil Apple Bee Brigid's Cross Broom (Besom) Cauldron Celtic Cross Cow (especially white with red ears) Corn Dolly (Little Bride) Daffodil Dandelion (Little Notched of Bride) Ear of Corn Ewe Fire Grain Hammer Herbs Lamb Also, since it too is volcanic in origin, Obsidian (and the much rarer natural Opalite) could also be considered as Goddess stones for Pele. Please read the Privacy Policy & Terms here before continuing. So lets dive into crystals plus more for celebrating Goddess Brigid at Imbolc. A. is placed over her heart (representing her purity), and the goddess is invited into the home by the female head of the household by singing sacred songs and chants to welcome her. Oh, and I almost forgot, Blue Sapphire is also a gem of wisdom which might connect you with both Athenas and Isis Goddess energies. Brigid is known for her many talents. An extremely popular crystal in the spiritual community, selenite is frequently used in Imbolc rituals and spells for different purposes. It does not store any personal data. Whether youre loving someone else or need to spend time on yourself. Maybe its still bitter cold where you live. February 1st is now known as St Brigid's Day in Ireland, as many pagan or pre-Christian festivals kept their dates and have a Christian festival attached to them. ability to heal, comfort, express love, inspire, and bring about abundant growth. Get the CONFIDENCE + SUPPORT you need to start healing yourself, friends & family (and even clients!) Tap into the power, energy and wisdom of these ancient goddesses for spiritual work, rituals and devotional altars. Over time, as Ireland was Christianized, Saint Brigid took over many of these. Eat whole foods, take long walks, engage in deep meditation and relaxation. With horses, its easy to know whether or not they like you, and they do like me Ive never met an Equine I cant get on with but with birds, theyre often too shy to be sure. Following are some ideas for working with these stones to honor the Goddess Brigid: Brigid was long revered by the Celts in pre-Christian Ireland, but was later converted to a Saint by the Catholic church, in about 453 CE, and is still honored across many of Irelands sacred, healing wells (which have been in use for thousands of years) by both Christians and non-Christians alike. Do you have a favourite goddess? Celtic Festival Honoring Brigid as a Corn/Fertility Goddess (May 4th), Breo-Saighit (the Flame of Ireland/Fiery Arrow), Brighid Binne Bheule Lhuchd Nan Trusganan Uaine (Song-sweet/Melodious-mouthd Brighid of the Tribe of the Green Mantles), Brighid Muirghin Na Tuinne (Brighid Conception of the Waves), Brighid Nan Sitheachseang (Brighid of the Slim Fairy Folk), Brighid Sloigh (Brighid of the Immortal Host), Brighid Sluagh (Brighid of the Immortal Host), Moon Crowned Brighid of the Undying Flame, A Brigit of Ireland Devotional: Sun Among Stars by Mael Bridge, Brighids Healing: Irelands Celtic Medicine Traditions by Gina McGarry, Brigid: Celtic Saint and Celtic Goddess by Joy Reichard, Brigid: Goddess, Druidess and Saint by Brian Wright, Brigid: History, Mystery, and Magick of the Celtic Goddess by Courtney Weber, Brigid: Meeting the Celtic Goddess of Poetry, Forge, and Healing Well (Pagan Portals) by Morgan Daimler, Brigids Light: Tending the Ancestral Flame of the Beloved Celtic Goddess by Cairelle Crow and Laura Louella, Imbolc: Rituals, Recipes & Lore for Brigids Day (Llewellyns Sabbat Essentials) by Carl F. Neal, Saint Brigid of Kildare: Life, Legend and Cult by Noel Kissane, Saint Brigid, the Celts and the Early Irish Church by Justin R. McCarthy, Tending Brigids Flame: Awaken to the Celtic Goddess of Hearth, Temple, and Forge by Lunaea Weatherstone, https://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/cg1/cg1074.htm, http://mossdreams.blogspot.com/2017/02/blessings-to-you-on-day-of-high-one.html, Crystals for Celebrating Goddess Brigid at Imbolc. Tips for Connecting to Crystal Energy, Tucson Gem Show Tips & Spotting Crystal Fakes, Healing Properties of Golden Imperial Topaz: A Crystal for Shining Your Inner Light, Dream Meanings, Interpretation, & Journeying, Manifesting Abundance & The Law of Attraction. It is also useful to increase your confidence and belief in self . This is a form of sympathetic magic intended to ensure fertile flocks, fields, and families for the coming year. All things we tend to experience during the cold Winter months. Following the night of staying up with the Brigid doll, it is paraded around the town and thought to be a representation of the goddess. Aventurine is one of our favorite Imbolc crystals for this reason. Gold nuggets. May the fire of Goddess Brigid spark inspiration within you today and always! The dolphin is one of my spirit animals, and I have a lovely Grape Amethyst pendant carved into the shape of one. One of the cycles Brigid was associated with was that of life and death. i think quan yin opened me up to working with them all so i really appreciate this article & associating the people with the crystals. Brigid, the Celtic goddess of fire (the forge and the hearth), poetry, healing, childbirth, and unity, is celebrated in many European countries. Her presence is often represented by displaying Saint Brigids Cross, a cross woven of reeds (or often three or four sheaves of wheat) joined at a square center, thats hung in the home as a symbol of protection, fertility, abundance, and blessings. (when we celebrate her as a bringer of light). Which crystal would you associate with Athena please? Artemis (Roman Diana) is the Greek Goddess of wild animals, hunting and childbirth. Inspirit Crystals is a unique spiritual store where you will find gems, jewelry, statues, and other gifts with . It's believed that the Irish Saint Brigit was based on her or combined with her. Hi Gael, thank you so much for your comment!!! Although I enjoy all the goddesses mentioned in the article and hold strong resonance with Isis and Kuan Yin, my strongest association and devotion is with Sophia from the ancient Judeo and early Christian traditions. Nettle is a highly magical herb with multiple uses including purification, protection, healing, and ghost-exorcism. According to Celtic myth, when Brigid was born at sunrise in the town of Faughart, she ascended into the sky along with the sun, and that rays of fire and light shone forth from her head in a tower of flame that reached up to the heavens. And because the sun is slowly making its return to the sky at this time, sunstone is an appropriate Imbolc crystal. I note that we share a like mindset with regard to mythology and non-Christian deities! She was associated with the feast of Imbolc, which heralds the return of the warmth and light of Spring. I am drawn to Isis and Brigid. Before you start working, light the candle and sincerely ask her for her help and inspiration. i always associated her with lava rock rather than peridot, in fact i have a lava skull named pele. In her second aspect as a fertility goddess, Brigid is often associated with childbirth, corn (and other crops), and livestock. This can be done in the forms of flowers, fabrics, or crystals. Compassionate and loving goddess Kuan Yin is absolutely a rose quartz goddess, isis as Lapis lazuli makes sense to me as well. Dandelions are some of the first flowers to bloom in Spring and are quite prominent as flowers go. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Thank you for showing us this beautiful goddess each of them represent some important stuff and make our life easier and amazing. Its origins are connected to the lambing season or calving period when animals would begin giving milk, and the beginning of spring sowing of the ancient Celts. During the next ten years, they would tend the sacred wells and fertile lands of the goddess. The content provided on or through our websites makes no claims for specific or general healing or health results, and should not be used to: (i) examine, diagnose, or treat any medical condition; (ii) prescribe medications; (iii) make claims for specific or general healing or health results; or (iv) as a substitute for traditional medical treatment. She is a Sun Goddess and brings the life force and healing energy of the Sun. Still, she is a resilient goddess who survives and even flourishes in multiple pantheons. Theres quite a few old customs around the Brigid corn doll including having young ladies adorn the doll and treat it as a friend on Brigids Eve. Your information is 100% confidential. Your email address will not be published. Most folks know it for its psychic and intuitive properties, but its also helpful with clearing energy, connection with the gods, self reflection and shadow work. I recommend you give the paler Amethysts a shot when you feel you need uplifting and protecting, instead of grounding and protecting. Enter your details below to get your free affirmations guide (plus VIP updates, special offers and insider crystal tips). And is one of the goddess Brigids sacred plants. Great article.. love it. All domains of the Celtic goddess. It is in her role as goddess of the forge that Brigid oversees justice, law, and order. The priestesses and people gathered at this hillside to ask Brigid to bless and protect their cattle and crops for the coming seasons. According to the stories in The Lives of the Saints, Brigid was the midwife present at the birth, placing three drops of water on His forehead. But theres more to Imbolc, since the word itself translates to ewes milk, this is a time when animal babies are being born and their mothers are nursing. This ultra-feminine gemstone works with the heart and assists you in loving yourself, relationships or attracting a partner. Add three oak leaves to the ritual bath, acorns to the altar, and leave a branch outside your front door for protection and prosperity. The flame wasnt re-lit until February 2nd, 1996 when Sister Mary Minchin, a Brigedian nun at Kildare, relit the flame with the intention of keeping it burning once again. to coincide with the Winter Solstice from one cycle to another. Brigid is amazing warm and we need her energy with spring coming and we have to use our creativity to survive and stay happy. Brigid may even appear to you in meditations. Oak. Carnelian January 4, 2022. that was the strangest thing i ever experienced, i am not religious & that included gods & goddesses from wherever so having her around was weird in itself to me but i talk to her all the time, like praying i guess but to me its just talk like i do with my other spirit guides that are non-gods. I didnt think Id see him/her again, but it turned out (s)he lived in the hedge that bordered our garden. Updated on January 10, 2018. I love the goddess shapes. In Cill-dara, it was said that 19 nuns tended her fire to keep it burning day and night. Answer: Both crystals work with that specific planet. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Shes also connected with the water element (as shes strongly connected to natural springs and healing wells). Oak is connected to the goddess Brigid and therefore to Imbolc. Gold is a symbol of power and royalty, but it is also a symbol of generosity, compassion, and endurance. Said to be born with a flame emerging from the top of her head, she may also have been a kind of triple goddess. Grass might start to peek out of the snow and flowers that bloom early might emerge from their Winter slumber. Hopefully, some of these crystals will resonate with you and you will give them a try. Either way, February 1st marks the beginning of the end of Winter. Yes, Jade is definitely one of her stones too. Since Imbolc is also a sacred day honoring the goddess Brigid, crystals and stones linked to the element fire are appropriate. All themes that come up during the Imbolc sabbat. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You're one step closer to getting balanced & aligned with healing crystal energy! My first faceted pendant, on the other hand, was/is (I still have it) a pear-faceted Cornish Amethyst. Kildare used to host a massive oak tree at the top of the hill. Selenite is connected to the moon, since its name is derived from the moon goddess name Selene. Her name is sometimes said to mean she who hears the cries of the world. Your email address will not be published. Ametrine or Amegreen, however, are very easy to sleep beside: I have two Ametrine tumblestones, and I just got hold of an Amegreen (which is almost the same as Ametrine, but where Ametrine has Citrine, Amegreen has Prasiolite, AKA Green Amethyst, Green Quartz or Leek Quartz). The Green Pargasite Crystal represents Aine, the Goddess of Love, Light, and Harvest. Many folks are concentrated on impressing their romantic interests, while some of us just need to focus on ourselves. Brigid is a fiery goddess who works well with the fire element stone of Carnelian. She is known by many names, including that of Saint Brigid who is, perhaps, the most powerful religious figure in Irish history. Your email address will not be published. In fact, the full moon closest to Imbolc is called the Rowan Moon. Brigid was seen as a patron deity of warfare, and her warriors were known as Brigands. This planet is considered Mother Earth by many and the mineral kingdom is her realm. Artemis is the twin sister of Apollo (solar) and a lunar goddess. While trying to gain the planet's energy, either crystal can be used. Brigid can manifest as either a maiden, mother, or crone. i associate quan yin with green jade, she came to me with my first reiki attunement & has showed me a dark green jade whale then bright green jade donut, i found & bought them both. Her presence is often represented by displaying Saint Brigids Cross, a cross woven of reeds (or often three or four sheaves of wheat) joined at a square center, thats hung in the home as a symbol of, , and blessings. Water, like that flowing at the sacred wells, is symbolically linked to the Celtic Otherworld and was seen as a portal or gateway between realms. Awesome article! This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The planet we call Venus in English was given her name by the Romans. As for horses, well, my first job was at a riding stable on a work for lessons basis. This is a huge natural force in our universe as destruction clears the path for the new. Lavender Amethyst helps us find compassion for people and forgive. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. This form of volcanic glass assists you in severing connections to anything or anyone that holds you back. Corn dollies are often made in her image and are called Little Brides. In her fertility aspect, shes also called upon for protection (especially of mothers and children). Brigid is seen as a keeper of the light and is often pictured holding a flame in the palm of her hand. Membership in Cairde Bhride (Friends of Brigid) can be obtained by writing Sister Mary Minehan at Solas Bhride, 14 Dara Park, Kildare, Ireland, telephone 045-522-890. 7 Healing Crystals For When Youre Sick: Get back on your feet, Do Framed Crystal Grids Work & How? Results with crystals will vary for different people and cannot be guranteed. Its observed annually on February 1st and is also called Brigids Day or Saint Brigids Day. Read our, Enter your details below to get your FREE Crystals for Business eBook, Enter your details to get your free goddess crystal cards ebook, Enter your details below to get your FREE Quick & Easy Chakra Charts, Enter your details below to get your FREE Mini Crystal Healing eBook, Enter your details below to get your FREE Aura Cleansing with Selenite Worksheet, Enter your details below to get your FREE Crystal Properties eBook, Enter your details below to get your FREE Which crystal is right for you? This is a celebration of hearth and home as we prepare ourselves and our spaces for the return of spring. The number 19 was sacred to Brigid because, according to the Book of Dunn Cow, it represents the 19-year cycle of the Great Celtic Year and the time it takes for the new moon to coincide with the Winter Solstice from one cycle to another. even though i dont believe in any religion per se, i have always liked mythology, im ok with non-christian deities & i do work with some of them & think of them like ancestors rather than someone to bow down to. Brigids connection with Imbolc is no coincidence as a goddess of the fire and the sun, her presence is felt at this time of year when the cold days of winter are mostly behind us and we begin to welcome in the warmth and light of spring. The nights are getting shorter at Imbolc, but they do still feel long. Yay! Make rosemary crowns, wreaths, and altar decorations. Make a corn dolly, cook seasonal foods and offer some to her, pick early flowers, and put energy toward sowing what you hope to harvest later in the year either literally or metaphorically. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. According to Scott Cunningham, burning crocus with alum in a censer will give you the identity of the thief who robbed you. Bread (baked fresh and served with lots of butter and berries), Flowers (Daffodils, Dandelions, or Snowdrops), Water (collected from a spring or fresh stream). And according to writer Rebecca Kightlinger, rowan is planted in graveyards to prevent the dead from lingering too long. And the rowan twig is said to have certain powers including protection and personal power. I also find I connect with Brigid more when in nature and when I work with the faeries. I shut my eyes, thinking, Oh no, Im about to get trampled; but no! Imbolc is a great time to cast protection and purification spells, and snowflake obsidian is in alignment with both intentions. the specialists & surgeons accused me of pulling something over on them even though they had the mri scans, they said a healing like that was impossible & my throat showed no signs of tonsillitis & was only slightly sore looking. It is a high-vibing energy healer at a tie of year when many of us are just knocking off the Winter cobwebs, so to speak. Alternatively, you could place them on your altar or sacred space. after Yule and before Ostara. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Because Brigid is a goddess of the smithing and the sacred flame. That also makes a great deal of sense. , to Brigids connection to La Fheill Brighid, describing how a serpent came out of the mound here (the serpent, being a symbol of healing, has long been linked to Goddess Brigid). As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. This midnight blue gemstone symbolises the starry night sky and carries the mystical and intuitive properties of Isis. Brigid is a member of the Tuatha D Danann, the Irish pantheon. For focusing in on New Years goals and intentions. Brigids knowledge of metalsmithing was incredible in one legend she made a whistle that could be used at night to transport someone to be with another person. Brigid ( Brigit, Briggida) is the Celtic Goddess of fertility, light, energy and creativity. Its a general term for grains consumed by animals.) Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Or maybe the snow is starting to melt. These animals would cry out with warnings of protection if danger were near. However, in the spirit of sharing wisdom, since St Hildegard was the inventor of the concept of Viriditas (greenness, the cosmic life force infusing the natural world), and also an activist against social disease and injustice whose work influenced many important people including high Church officials and even royalty, I think its safe to say that if you wish to contact her or work with her energy, any and all heart chakra crystals would be helpful to you. For Brigid as the Healer, Ive chosen Garnet for its deep red color related to the physical body and Pyrite because of its high Iron content which energetically supports the healing of the human body (it mirrors the high Iron content of human blood). She stands next to my Aphrodite statue on my altar with a ton of crystals. Each of these have lent their names to different locations in Ireland, and were said to scream whenever the country was plundered. They feel softer, gentler, to me, still just as uplifting and spiritual but without the intense (sometimes overwhelming considering Im never without a Black Tourmaline) grounding effect of the darker grape shades. Traditionally, they may be dressed as brides and put in a small bed with a representation of male fertility. Quick Outdoor Team Building Activities, What Does The Bible Say About Emotional Abandonment, Primo Salad Dressing, Articles C
